Stablecoin volatility shows an urgent need for regulation to protect consumers
- Written by Matthew Shillito, Lecturer in Law, University of Liverpool
Some cryptocurrencies have always been fairly volatile, with values soaring or plunging within a short space of time. So for the more cautious investor, “stablecoins” were considered the sensible place to go. As the name implies, they are designed to be a steadier and safer bet.
At the moment though, that stability is proving hard to find. The value of one of the most popular stablecoins, Terra (also known as UST), has fluctuated wildly in the last few days, before dropping dramatically – and is yet to recover[1].
Before the crash, Terra was in the top 10 cryptoassets, with a value of over US$18.7 billion. At the time of writing, this had collapsed to less than US$7 billion[2].
Investors have taken to social media[3] to lament this development. Some spoke of lost life savings and the devastating impact of the currency’s collapse.
And they are right to be worried. The impact of volatility in the stablecoin arena should not be underestimated and could destabilise the entire sector.
For in theory, stablecoins are supposed to offer the transactional benefits of more traditional cryptoassets (such as Bitcoin) but with a predictably stable worth.
Many stablecoins are backed by other assets (typically the US dollar) or commodities (often gold) and involve the stablecoin provider buying – and then holding – the equivalent amount of their chosen asset to ensure the coin remains stable. So while the value of the underlying asset might increase or decrease, the value of the stablecoin should at least remain at a consistent ratio with whatever underpins it.
But “algorithmic stablecoins” like Terra work differently[4]. Terra holds no reserve asset or commodity, and instead is meant to hold its value using an algorithm, which is designed to maintain a balance between the stablecoin and a partner coin (a more traditional cryptocurrency).
In this case Terra is tied to a partner coin called Luna – and the value of Luna has crashed. Its value is now less than US$0.06[5] having been trading at around US$82.00 just seven days earlier. In a climate where the value of Terra and Luna are both drastically declining, the algorithm cannot solve the issue of decreasing faith in the paired currencies – and the stabilisation feature simply does not work.
As a result, fear kicks in and more people sell, just like a traditional bank run, where there is mass withdrawal of funds and sudden drastic loss in value. Stablecoins backed by assets tend to avoid this, due to the long term steady value of their peg which builds consumer confidence.
But they have issues too. Tether, a coin pegged to the US dollar, has had bumps in the road[6] amid questions over whether the company which issues the coins hold the reserves it claims to have[7]. And in recent days Tether too has seen its value fall[8].
All of this undermines the basic premise of these coins – that they will remain stable. Customers choose to buy them to either shield against volatility in traditional crypto markets until they rise again, or to use them as a more traditional account (like a regular bank account) and take advantage of the benefits they offer with regard to speed, cost, and ease of international transactions.
But investors with their funds in Terra have seen their savings drop by around half. The fact it has still not stabilised does little to alleviate worries. In simple terms, the potential for a cryptocurrency crisis is very real.
This is why the approach of governments worldwide needs to change. While plenty has been said about regulation in the UK[10] and the US[11], there has been little meaningful action.
If they fail to act, it will be difficult to advocate the use of stablecoins[12] if they continue to expose consumers to the very volatility and risk they are supposed to avoid.
The time for allowing the sector freedom to innovate seems to have passed. Regulation is essential – to offer consumer protection, and ban excessively risky practices – if the potential of stablecoins is to be realised. That potential is something that many feel[13] could revolutionise the global economy, speeding up transactions, reducing costs and increasing transparency.
But allowing the sector the opportunity to innovate should not come at the expense of people’s savings. If withdrawals persist, it will test both the stability of a particular stablecoin, and more broadly, whether the entire sector has a future. One stablecoin struggling is bad news. But two or more could be catastrophic for customer confidence.
References
- ^ yet to recover (coinmarketcap.com)
- ^ US$7 billion (coinmarketcap.com)
- ^ social media (www.thesun.co.uk)
- ^ work differently (youtu.be)
- ^ less than US$0.06 (coinmarketcap.com)
- ^ bumps in the road (www.cftc.gov)
- ^ claims to have (www.theverge.com)
- ^ value fall (coinmarketcap.com)
- ^ Shutterstock/Who is Danny (www.shutterstock.com)
- ^ in the UK (www.gov.uk)
- ^ the US (www.wsj.com)
- ^ of stablecoins (theconversation.com)
- ^ many feel (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk)
